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Finance, Credit, Investments – Economical Categories. Modern Interpretation

 

Scientific works in the theories of finances and credit, according to the specification of the research object, are characterized to be many-sided and many-leveled.

The definition of totality of the economical relations formed in the process of formation, distribution and usage of finances, as money sources is widely spread. For example, in “the general theory of finances” there are two definitions of finances:

1)            “…Finances reflect economical relations, formation of the funds of money sources, in the process of distribution and redistribution of national receipts according to the distribution and usage”. This definition is given relatively to the conditions of Capitalism, when cash-commodity relations gain universal character;

2)            “Finances represent the formation of centralized ad decentralized money sources, economical relations relatively with the distribution and usage, which serve for fulfillment of the state functions and obligations and also provision of the conditions of the widened further production”. This definition is brought without showing the environment of its action. We share partly such explanation of finances and think expedient to make some specification.

First, finances overcome the bounds of distribution and redistribution service of the national income, though it is a basic foundation of finances. Also, formation and usage of the depreciation fund which is the part of financial domain, belongs not to the distribution and redistribution of the national income (of newly formed value during a year), but to the distribution of already developed value.

This latest first appears to be a part of value of main industrial funds, later it is moved to the cost price of a ready product (that is to the value too) and after its realization, and it is set the depression fund. Its source is taken into account before hand as a depression kind in the consistence of the ready products cost price.

Second, main goal of finances is much wider then “fulfillment of the state functions and obligations and provision of conditions for the widened further production”. Finances exist on the state level and also on the manufactures and branches’ level too, and in such conditions, when the most part of the manufactures are not state.

V. M. Rodionova has a different position about this subject: “real formation of the financial resources begins on the stage of distribution, when the value is realized and concrete economical forms of the realized value are separated from the consistence of the profit”. V. M. Rodionova makes an accent of finances, as distributing relations, when D. S. Moliakov underlines industrial foundation of finances. Though both of them give quite substantiate discussion of finances, as a system of formation, distribution and usage of the funds of money sources, that comes out of the following definition of the finances: “financial cash relations, which forms in the process of distribution and redistribution of the partial value of the national wealth and total social product, is related with the subjects of the economy and formation and usage of the state cash incomes and savings in the widened further production, in the material stimulation of the workers for satisfaction of the society social and other requests”.

In the manuals of the political economy we meet with the following definitions of finances:

“Finances of the socialistic state represent economical (cash) relations, with the help of which, in the way of planned distribution of the incomes and savings the funds of money sources of the state and socialistic manufactures are formed for guaranteeing the growth of the production, rising the material and cultural level of the people and for satisfying other general society requests”.

“The system of creation and usage of necessary funds of cash resources for guarantying socialistic widened further production represent exactly the finances of the socialistic society. And the totality of economical relations arisen between state, manufactures and organizations, branches, regions and separate citizen according to the movement of cash funds make financial relations”.

As we’ve seen, definitions of finances made by financiers and political economists do not differ greatly.

In every discussed position there are:

1)      expression of essence and phenomenon in the definition of finances;

2)      the definition of finances, as the system of the creation and usage of funds of cash sources on the level of phenomenon.

3)      Distribution of finances as social product and the value of national income, definition of the distributions planned character, main goals of the economy and economical relations, for servicing of which it is used.

If refuse the preposition “socialistic” in the definition of finances, we may say, that it still keeps actuality. We meet with such traditional definitions of finances, without an adjective “socialistic”, in the modern economical literature. We may give such an elucidation: “finances represent cash resources of production and usage, also cash relations appeared in the process of distributing values of formed economical product and national wealth for formation and further production of the cash incomes and savings of the economical subjects and state, rewarding of the workers and satisfaction of the social requests”.  in this elucidation of finances like D. S. Moliakov and V. M. Rodionov’s definitions, following the traditional inheritance, we meet with the widening of the financial foundation. They concern “distribution and redistribution of the value of created economical product, also the partial distribution of the value of national wealth”. This latest is very actual, relatively to the process of privatization and the transition to privacy and is periodically used in practice in different countries, for example, Great Britain and France.

“Finances – are cash sources, financial resources, their creation and movement, distribution and redistribution, usage, also economical relations, which are conditioned by intercalculations between the economical subjects, movement of cash sources, money circulation and usage”.

“Finances are the system of economical relations, which are connected with firm creation, distribution and usage of financial resources”.We meet with absolutely innovational definitions of finances in Z. Body and R. Merton’s basis manuals. “Finance – it is the science about how the people lead spending `the deficit cash resources and incomes in the definite period of time. The financial decisions are characterized by the expenses and incomes which are 1) separated in time, and 2) as a rule, it is impossible to take them into account beforehand neither by those who get decisions nor any other person”. “Financial theory consists of numbers of the conceptions… which learns systematically the subjects of distribution of the cash resources relatively to the time factor; it also considers quantitative models, with the help of which the estimation, putting into practice and realization of the alternative variants of every financial decisions take place”.

These basic conceptions and quantitative models are used at every level of getting financial decisions, but in the latest definition of finances, we meet with the following doctrine of the financial foundation: main function of the finances is in the satisfaction of the people’s requests; the subjects of economical activities of any kind (firms, also state organs of every level) are directed towards fulfilling this basic function.

For the goals of our monograph, it is important to compare well-known definitions about finances, credit and investment, to decide how and how much it is possible to integrate the finances, investments and credit into the one total part.

Some researcher thing that credit is the consisting part of finances, if it is discussed from the position of essence and category. The other, more numerous group proves, that an economical category of credit exists parallel to the economical category of finances, by which it underlines impossibility of the credit’s existence in the consistence of finances.

N. K. Kuchukova underlined the independence of the category of credit and notes that it is only its “characteristic feature the turned movement of the value, which is not related with transmission of the loan opportunities together with the owners’ rights”.

N. D. Barkovski replies that functioning of money created an economical basis for apportioning finances and credit as an independent category and gave rise to the credit and financial relations. He noticed the Gnoseological roots of science in money and credit, as the science about finances has business with the research of such economical relations, which lean upon cash flow and credit.

Let’s discuss the most spread definitions of credit. in the modern publications credit appeared to be “luckier”, then finances. For example, we meet with the following definition of credit in the finance-economical dictionary: “credit is the loan in the form of cash and commodity with the conditions of returning, usually, by paying percent. Credit represents a form of movement of the loan capital and expresses economical relations between the creditor and borrower”.

This is the traditional definition of credit. In the earlier dictionary of the economy we read: “credit is the system of economical relations, which is formed while the transmission of cash and material means into the temporal usage, as a rule under the conditions of returning and paying percent”.

In the manual of the political economy published under reduction of V. A. Medvedev the following definition is given: “credit, as an economical category, expresses the created relations between the society, labour collective and workers during formation and usage of the loan funds, under the terms of paying present and returning, during transmission of sources for the temporal usage and accumulation”.Credit is discussed in the following way in the earlier education-methodological manuals of political economy: “credit is the system of money relations, which is created in the process of using and mobilization of temporarily free cash means of the state budget, unions, manufactures, organizations and population. Credit has an objective character. It is used for providing widened further production of the state and other needs. Credit differs from finances by the returning character, while financing of manufactures and organizations by the state is fulfilled without this condition”.

We meet with the following definition if “the course of economy”: “credit is an economical category, which represents relations, while the separate industrial organizations or persons transmit money means to each-other for temporal usage under the conditions of returning. Creation of credit is conditioned by a historical process of fulfilling the economical and money relations, the form of which is the money relation”.

Following scientists give slightly different definitions of credit:

“Credit – is a loan in the form of money or commodity, which is given to the borrower by a creditor under the conditions of returning and paying the percentage rate by the borrower”.

Credit is giving the temporally free money sources or commodity as a debt for the defined terms by the price of fixed percentage. Thus, a credit is the loan in the form of money or commodity. In the process of this loan’s movement, a definite relations are formed between a creditor (the loan is given by a juridical of physical person, who gives certain cash as a debt) and the debtor.

Combining every definition named above, we come to an idea, that credit is giving money capital of commodity as a debt, for certain terms and material provision under the price of firm percentage rate. It expresses definite economical relations between the participants of the process of capital formation. Necessity of the credit relations is conditioned, from one side, by gathering solid quantity of temporarily free money sources, and from the second side, existence of requests of them.

Though, at the same time we must distinguish two resembling concepts: loan and credit. Loan is characterized by:

·         Here, the discussion may touch upon transmission of money and also things form one side (loaner) to another (borrower): a)under the owning of the borrower and, at the same time, b) under the conditions of returning same amount or same quantity and quality of the things;

·         The loaning of money may bear no interest;

·         Any person may take part in it.

With the difference with loan, credit, which is somehow a private occasion of the loan, represents:

·         One side (loaner) gives to the second one (borrower) only money, and _ for temporal usage;

·         It may not bear no interest (if the assignment doesn’t foresee something);

·         In it creditor is not any person, but a credit organization (at the first place, banks).

So, a credit is the bank credit. To our mind, it is not correct to use “credit” and “loan” as the synonyms.

Banking crediting is the union of relations between bank (as a creditor) and its borrower. These relations touch upon:

a)      Giving a certain amount of money to the borrower for definite purpose (though, we meet with the so-called free credits, aims and objects of crediting are not appointed in the assignment);

b)      Its opportune returning;

c)      Getting percentage rate from the borrower for using the sources under his/her disposal.

The essential foundation of the credit essence and its important element is existence of trust between the two sides (in Latin “credo”, from which comes the word “credit”, means “trust”).

From the position of circulation of money forms (in the abstraction, historical process of formation economical relations and social budget and banking systems expressed by them) comparing different definitions of finances and credit, the paradox conclusion appears: credit is the private occasion of finances. And truly, from the position of movement of the money forms, finances represent the process of formation and usage of the funds of cash means. Very often such movements are fulfilled without returning, but sometimes, it is possible to give loans from the budget for the investment projects of other needs. Also, when a manufacture or corporations use their cash funds and we mean the finances of industrial subject, such usage may be realized as inside the manufacture or corporation (there is no subject about returning or not returning of the usage), so gratis under conditions of returning. This latest is called commercial form because of transmitting the sources to others, but even in this occasion, it is the element of financial system of the manufacture and corporation.

From the point of cash means movement, main character of credit is the process of formation and usage of the funds of cash means under the conditions of returning and, as a rule, taking the value-percentage. If gating the credit value doesn’t take place (even in the exceptional occasions), according to the movement form, credit becomes a private occasion of finances, as from the net financial funds (consequently from the state budget) the loans which bear no interests may be used. If gating credit value takes place, by the appearance form, credit is discussed to be financial modification.

From the historical point of view, finances (especially in the sort of the state budget) and credit (beginning with usury, later commercial and banking) were developing differently for considering credit to be the part of finances. Though, from the genetic-historical point of view, previous loaners, before giving loan, needed gathering the permanent capital not returning, that is the net financial foundation. The banks analogously needed concentration of the important own capital for influxing the consumers’ means and for getting higher percentage rate under the conditions of returning. Herewith, exactly on the financial basis, in the sort of financial fund (which later partially becomes loan fund) part of the bank capital appears to be the reservation (insurance) part of the fund, which by nature is financial and not loan. So notwithstanding the essential distinctions between finances and credit form the genetic-historical point of view, credit appears to be formed from finances and represent their modification.

From the essential position of expressing economical relations of finances and credit, we meet with cardinal distinctions between these two categories. Which mostly expressed by the distinction of the movement forms notwithstanding they are returnable or not. Finances express relations in the aspects of distribution and redistribution of social product and part of the national wealth. Credit expresses distribution of the appropriate value only in the section of percentage given for loan, while according to the loan itself, a only a temporal distribution of money sources takes place.

Herewith, there is a lot of common between the finances and credit as from the essential point of view, so according to the form of movement. At the same time, there is a significant distinction between finances and credit as in the essence, so in the form too. According to this, there must be a kind of generally economical category, which will consider finances and credit as a total unity, and in the bounds of this category itself, the separation of the specific essence of the finances and credit would take place.

Funding of the cash means is common to the researched economical categories. It takes place in any separate system of finances and credit, which have been touched upon during the analyses of defining finances and credit. Word combination “funding of the cash sources (fund formation)” reflects and defines exactly essence and form of economical category of more general character, those of finances and credit categories. Though in the in economical texts and practice, it is very uncomfortable to use a termini, which consists of three words. Also, “unloading” with an information hardens greatly its influxing into the circulation even in the conditions of its strict substantiation and thoroughness.

In the discussing context we consider:

1)      wide and narrow understanding of economical category of the finances;

2)      discussing finances in narrow understanding under general traditional meaning;

3)      discussing finances, as funding of the cash means, in wide understanding, which concerns finances – in narrow meaning and credit – in complete meaning.

Termini “funding” and its equivalent “fund formation” are used by us as the purposeful structuring of cash means, which is based on two poles – accumulation of money sources (gathering) and its usage for definite purpose in the way of financing and crediting.

We have established a new termini – “finance-investment sphere” (FIS). Analyses about interrelation of finances and credit made by us give us an opportunity of proving, that in the given termini, the word “financial” is used with the meaning of funding cash sources, its purposeful structuring. In this process we consider at the same time financial, credit and investments’ economical categories.

Let’s sum up middle results of discussing new concept – “finance-investment sphere” and discuss its investment consisting parts.

The concept “investments” was brought into the native economical science from the West. In the Soviet economical science they for a long time used in the place “investments” the termini “capital placement”, which expressed the usage of the industrial factors in the sphere of real industrial activities during realization of capital projects. From one glance, this termini in its concept is identical to the “investments”, consequently it is possible to use them as synonyms. Though the termini “investments” and “investing” have the advantage towards the termini “capital placement” from linguistic and philological points of view, because they are expressed with one word. This is not only economical and comfortable in the process of working with the termini “investment” itself, but also it gives an opportunity of termini formation. More concretely: “investment process”, “investment domain”, “finance-investment sphere” – all these termini are much more acceptable.

Changing native economical termini with foreign ones is purposeful, if it really matters (by keeping parallel usage of the native termini for the inheritance). Though we must not change native economical termini into foreign ones all together, when by ordinal traditional language easy to explain private and narrow concrete processes and elements get their own termini. The “movement” of these termini is approved in the narrow professional bounds, but their “spitting out” into the economical science may turn economical language into the tangled slang.

Let’s discuss termini – “investment” and “capital placement’s” usage in the economical literature.

Investments are placement of funds into the main and circulation capital for the purpose of getting profit. “Investments in material assets – are the placements of funds into the mobile and real estate (land, buildings, furniture and so on). Investments in financial assets are the placements of funds into the securities bank accounts and other financial instruments”.

We don’t meet with the termini “investments” in the earlier economical dictionary, but we meet the combined termini “investment policy” – the union of the industrial decisions, which guarantee main directions of the capital investments, the activities of their concentration in the determinant suburbs, on which the reaching of planned rates of development of the society production is depended, balancing and effectiveness, getting more and more production and profit of the national income for every lost Ruble”. For today, in the most actual definitions, the capital investments are bounded only by financial means, when not only financial, but also the investment of natural, material-technical and informational resources takes place. Labour resources take an actual place in the investment process. They themselves fulfill this or that investment process.

A positive side of the discussed definitions is that they connect investment policy and capital placements (investments):

-          economical development according to the key directions to the concentration;

-          providing high rates of economical growth;

-          raising an economical effectiveness, which is expressed:

a)      by growing the throw off of the production and national income for every lost Ruble;

b)      by fulfilling the branch structure of the investments;

c)      by improving their technological structure;

d)     by optimization of their further production structure.

Compared with such definition of the investments (capital placement) the definition of investments in the dictionary attaching the “Economics” seems to be unimproved: “investments  – the expenses of gathering production and industrial means and increasing material reserve”. In this definition current expenses (production expenses) are mixed with the investment (capital) expense. Also, not the investment expenses but (though the investments are followed by the appropriate expenses) exactly advancing. It differs from the expenses by that the means (means) are put by returning the advanced values, also, under the conditions of growth, to which the concept-advanced capital is corresponding. the advancing may be realized in the money, natural-material and informational forms.

Except the termini “investments”, there are two more termini related with the investment. They are shown below.

 “Human capital investment” – any activity provided for rising the workers labour productivity (in the way of growing their qualification and developing their abilities); at the expenses of improving the workers’ education, health and raising the mobility of the working forces”. It is very useful to use the mentioned termini, though it needs one correction: the human capital investments do not concern only workers, but also the servants, representatives of every kind of labour.

“Investment commodity, capital goods – a capital.”

In the official manuals of political economy of the reformation time the capital investments are discussed as “expenses for creating new main funds and widening, reconstruction and renewing the active ones”. In this definition the investments (capital placements) during separation of the forms (types) of further production of the main funds are bounded only by main funds (without increases of the circulation funds and insurance reserves): a) creating new ones; b) widening; c) reconstruction; d) renewing. Also, the concept of the industrial gathering appears, at the expenses of widening of basic, circulation funds and also insurance reserves takes place”.

You’ll meet below the definitions of investments from “the course of economy”: the investments are called “placements of fund into the basic capital (basic means of production), reserves, also other economical objects and processes, which request long-termed influxing of material and cash means. “According to the division of capital into physical and money forms, the investments too must be divided into material and cash investments”.

They apportion investment commodity, to which belong industrial and nonindustrial building objects, vehicles purposed for changing or widened technical park and the furniture, increasing reserves and others.

“They call the total investments of production an investment product, which is directed towards keeping and increasing the basic capital (basic means) and reserve. Total investments consist of two parts. One of them is called the depreciation; it represents important investment resources for compensation of renewal till the level of before industrial usage, wearing out and repairing of the basic means. Second consisting part of the total investments is represented by net investments – capital investments for the purpose of increasing basic means”. Depreciation is not a compensation resource of wearing the basic funds out, but it is the purposeful financial source of such resources.

Human capital investment is “a specific kind of investments, mostly in education and health protection”.

“Real investments are the investments in the economical branches and also, they are kinds of economical activities, which provide influxing the increases of real capital, that is increasing material values of the industrial means”. We can agree with such definition with one specification that material and nonmaterial values too belong to the real capital (wealth), consequently science-researching experimental-construction results, various information, education of he workers and others. Such service as organization of the excitable games, also the service of redistribution social wealth from one private person to another (except charity).

“Financial investments represent placement of funds into the shares, obligations, promissory notes, other securities and instruments. Such investments, of course, do not give increases of the real material capital, but they help getting profit, consequently at the expenses of changing the course of the securities in the time of speculation, or distinguishing the course in different places of sell and purchasing”. We share wholly such definition, hence it follows that financial investments (if it is not followed by real investments as a result) do not increase real material wealth and real nonmaterial wealth. According to this context, the expression below is very important: “we must distinguish financial investments, which represent placement of the funds in the ways of selling and purchasing the securities for the purpose of getting profit and financial investments, which become cash and real, moved to real physical capital.”

In the “economical course” quoted before long and short-termed investments are separated. Recognizing the existence of the bounds between them, the authors ascribe short-termed investments to “one month or more” investments. If we get such conditioned criteria, that we can call the investments which overcome the terms of some months, long-termed ones, which is very doubtful and we don’t agree with it. A long-termed character of the fund placement is a significant feature of the investments (short-term doesn’t combine with the concept of investments). Principally, it would be better to point out quick compensative, middle termed compensative and long-termed compensative investments:

-          less then 6 months – quick compensative;

-          from 6 months up to the year and a half – middle termed compensative;

-          more then the year and a half – long termed compensative.

We stopped at the definition of the investments in the capital work “economical course” for the special purpose, as, in it the author tried to discuss the concept of investments systemically and quite completely, herewith the book is published just now.

We’ll return to the discussion the definition economical category of “investments” in different publications in the following chapter. The definitions given here are quite enough for having a notion of the level of lighting up the given category in the economical literature.

What conclusions may be made according the definition of the mentioned economical category in the published works, except the made notions and specifications?

There is quite deeply, concretely and thoroughly defined the concept of “investments”, different definitions in the economical literature; but mostly in every works about the investments discussed by us until now, there is not opened the essence of investments as an economical category. In every monograph, even if it has a title investment, as an economical category, there is given only the definition, concept of investments. But, as the Academician Vasil Chantladze explains, “a concept is a discussion, which proves something about the distinguishing feature of the researched object. A concept out of much essential characteristic features represents only one, and essential in it is only – definition”.

But the categories are much wider; it is “a key, the most fundamental concept of every science”. Economical categories theoretically represent real, objectively existed productive relations. A category is the defining of occasions of existed characters, connections, relations of the objective world. Generally, any educational process is fulfilled by the categories, which give opportunities for dividing the processes and occasions semantically, for expressing the definitions of a subject and realize their specific peculiarities and economical relations of a material world.

Our goal is exactly to substantiate investments – as an economical category and also, as a financial category in the narrow understanding.

Here we apply for another manual thesis made by the academician Vasil Chantladze: “every financial relation is an economical one and every financial category is and economical one, but not every economical relation and economical category is financial relation and financial category”.

In the process of defining the investments, it is important to take in mind the sides of resources, expenses and incomes, because investment, from one side, is the result of the manufacture’s activity, and, from another one, – a part of income, which, in this case, is not used for usage.

Another occasion: it is advisable to discuss investments in two aspects: as a category of reserve and flow, which will reflect exactly the connection between “placement of funds” and “investments”.

As we’ve mentioned above, not long ago, in the well-known Soviet literature the concepts of “the placement of funds” and “investments” were accepted to be the synonyms and concerned to be investment of sources for further production of the main funds and formation of the turnover funds. We meet with such understanding of the concept of “investment” (here, they separate three types of the investment expenses: investments in the basic capital of investments, investments in the house building and investments in the reserves) in the modern economical publications and it is mostly used on the macro level during a statistical analyze of economical processes. In this concrete occasion investment is the category of reserve.

According to the aspect of flow the investments may be discussed in the process of analyzing industrial activity, when it is necessary to learn the variety of the economical relations related with the investments’ further production and formation, sources, objects and subjects, that is on the micro level.

Main distinguishing criteria of different methods of approach towards the concept of “investment” the aspect of prolonging of measuring this showing. Is it possible or not to measure the investment showing separate from the term factor (the norm of gathering, the volume of capital property, the reserves of production and so on). If it is possible, then it is the category of reserve, and if it is not, then it is measured in the section of time and belongs to the category of flow.

Thus, investment, as an economical category, is quite consuming concept. It concerns the elements defining the regularities of function and regulation of the investment domain, privately:

First, resources and values put into the industrial activity. Here, investments may be realized in the following ways:

1.      mobile and real estates (buildings, constructions, furniture and other material values);

2.      cash sources, purposeful bank accounts, credits, shares and other long-termed securities;

3.      owners rights according to the author’s rights, licenses, Now-How, experience and other intellectual values;

4.      the rights for using land and other natural resources, also other owners rights.

Notwithstanding any forms, investments are results of capital gathering. Leading investments – regularity of gathering defines its volume and dynamics and, generally, whole investment activity.

Second, the incomes ruling volume and dynamics of the resource investment. Herewith, we must underline the circumstance, that the process of getting profit, the regularity of its creation, isn’t a constant of the concept “investment”. The factors of production (also the conditions of exploitation of capital values) and selling (market conjuncture), also the process of capital gathering is the leading and important condition only for the investment formation. Though, we underline again, that the process of getting and distributing the income is a significant component of the investment activity.

The transformation of investments makes the basis for the investment activity, which concern the following circles: resources – investment (expense) – capital property – income. The practice of realization such circles of the investments transformation is exactly the investment activity (investing). The investment activity, except the investments itself, concern motivation and stimulation of the capital gathering, relations of capital gathering and ruling, also, totality of the defined level of profitability on the capital and the goals of capital growth.

According to the mentioned above, in the definitions of the investment as economical category sometimes the needed exactness and clearness is not felt, some categories of the wealth are represented tightly enough. For example, real prosperity is bounded only by material estimation. This leads us to the unvalued investment resources in the era of transformation industrial society into the investment one; also to the recognition of yet uninvolved valuable scientific researches in the production, securities turned into speculation objects, and unreal property in the consistence of one and the same parts; to there equalization. On the basis of the made analyses, we can cite a wide definition of the investments together with the leading categories.

Investment resources – are values, invested into this or that project in this or that kind for the purpose of getting profit beginning with material ones, finished with cash.

Kinds of the prosperity are equal to the kinds of the investment resources and is divided into real and cash, consequently into financial resources.

Real investment resources concern all kinds:

-          natural resources;

-          labour resources;

-          material resources, the usage of which is possible in the economical development (buildings, constructions, vehicles and furniture, transport and communication means and so on;

-          investment resources (in the widest understanding, that is from scientific-research and experimental-construction works, till the education potential of the society and till all kinds of gathering useful information, written about every possible, that is typing and electronic bearer).

Cash, consequently financial resources concern every cash means for usage in this way in definite conditions or directed in the sort of investments.

Cash means (resources) turn into the financial resources in the case of structuring of funds of purposeful destination foreseen for investments of this or that kind.

After defining investment resources we can make wide definition of the investments as economical category.

Investments – are the placements of real, financial and intellectual resources into the projects, the fulfillment of which leads us to getting the increases from real wealth, in the material and informational forms. It is followed by a cash (financial) prosperity or its increases (at the expenses of the distribution of the cash means).

As an economical category, investments express economical relations, which are created in the ways of using and formation of the investment resources between the participants of the investment process for the purpose of improving and widening of the enterprise.

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Whether a student decides on a specific or combined education approach, numerous career opportunities will be open to them. In BIFM finance and banking will help students enter their desired career upon completion of an accredited program. Seek an online college or university today that offers the degree you need to start an exciting new career.

Now people can easily learn about finance and can be an expert in the field. There are many web sites that are working as an online school that are providing online courses as well as the trainings to the people in order to make them an expert in the area. The people can get to learn about many difficult concepts with great ease and simplicity. You can take any course which is related to your field on interest. Even if you are totally unaware of the concepts that are used in that subject, you can still be an expert by taking these online courses. Your online finance course can be really helpful in making you understand about the terms and concepts used in the field of finance. You can learn about many difficult concepts without any difficulty. There can be numerous ways of learning finance but the best results are seen in the online courses.

In order to know more about the personal loans and finances you can also take the online personal finance course which can be really helpful for you in many dealings of yours. If you are a beginner and have just started your learning in the area of finance then you must not worry as there are many great online courses for finance that are especially designed for the beginners in order to help them out by making their path of finance easier and simpler for them. Also the most difficult concepts become quite easy due to the simple methods and courses along with the trainings that are provided by the BIFM that intend to make finance a lot easier for the people and in order to develop more interest in people they have made the enrollment method very simple for them.

There are other courses and trainings too that are offered for many difficult subjects for example you can have the online economics courses and also the online stock market course which can be very helpful for you in learning about these fields and areas. You can also have the trainings and tools that are related to your field along with the courses and will also get the certificate upon the completion of a particular course.

High position in any field means a lot of responsibility, leadership quality, managerial intellect and strategic skills. During the entire course of MBA, you are well rehearsed with each of these qualities. That’s the reason that you come in high demand once you have a MBA degree in your hand.

Benefits of MBA

Though there are a lot many business courses available all over India but, doing MBA in finance can be beneficial in many ways. Want to know how, just have a look below:

Advancing Career – It helps you to understand business and finance terms to deal with people and how to react with in organization.

Developing your business expertise – An MBA is a very versatile degree and it gives you business knowledge and adds value to your finance dealing expertise.

Starting your own Business – Once you have MBA degree you got the sense how to run business and such habit helps you to open your own business. You can get success in your business and you can provide employment too.

Salary Hikes – The growth hikes a lot in every sector per year. So, even you get a hike on your salary in every six months or a year as per the company’s norms.

Career growth in MBA in finance – Students who have MBA degree in finance can make their career in finance sector and can hold these positions -

- Risk and Insurance Managers
– Management Consultants
– Investment Bankers
– Chief Financial Officers
– Treasurers and Finance Officers
– Cash Managers
– Financial Managers or Financial Analysts
– Accounting Managers
– Corporate Controllers
– Investment Sales Associates and Traders
– Credit Managers and Specialists
– Investment Banking Associates

MBA has a lot of scope and course so, you are not left with a limited choice for this. You can choice any area of your interest whenever you are doing MBA. Let’s take MBA in finance for instance! A lucrative field to go with, well- paid career and money- spinning benefits, all these can be easily associate with this very degree.

Once you get a career in financial sector after doing MBA in finance, you can easily approach the top notch companies and get a desirable career growth in the respective field. Believe it or not, you can even earn a minimum amount of 6 lacs per annum, just within the initial years of your career.

Forte Properties is a full service real estate company that specializes in Owner Financed homes land in Austin, TX and surrounding areas. We have EXCLUSIVE access to over 250 Owner Financed properties in the greater Austin area. Land other investors don’t want you to know about! We know how important the decision is when you have to choose professionals for various needs in your life; we take helping people like you who want to purchase a home very seriously.

We have teamed up with Exit Options Realty and work hand in hand with dozens of professionals in various facets of the real estate market dedicated to assisting you with whatever your real estate needs may be. We work with licensed RMLO’s and Real Estate Attorney’s to ensure all of our Owner Financed home sales are 100% legal and conform with the new Texas S.A.F.E. Mortgage Act. Why risk it with anyone else??

Our customers are at the heart of what we do, and we are committed to finding your perfect home, based on your preferences, in a timely manner, for the best price possible.

You want to purchase Owner Financed land; unfortunately, the ongoing credit crunch makes being approved for a traditional loan daunting at best. If you are self employed or on fixed income, or have had a bankruptcy or past foreclosure, you can qualify for our Owner Finance program. If you have at least 5% to 10% down and can afford monthly payments, you are approved!

So what are you waiting for? View our available homes at http://www.AustinOwnerFinancedHomes.com, and if you are specifically looking for land, register to our program and we will find properties for you based on your search criteria! It’s that simple!

Oh here we go again. I heard from another realtor just this week; oh my seller cant sell a property and let someone take over the payments because the bank may use the Due on Sale Clause to ask for all their money. In the same conversation the realtor outlines the sellers best plan of action is to keep dropping the price (who cares that its the sellers $10,000 to $20,000 of equity just being thrown out the window) or rent it out.

Many realtors today without hesitation will suggest to their clients, if you cant sell, just lease it out yet the realtors dont sit down and list all of the ridiculous reasons landlords have been sued and LOST millions over. Renting has been around forever and the risks of being a landlord are just an acceptable risk verses the reward of not making vacant house payments or not letting the home go to foreclosure.

Yet at the same time, those same realtors because they are unfamiliar with owner financing as a selling option will say dont do owner financing its too risky. Oh really? Can the buyer living in the owner financed home sue the seller? Nope, not if you construct the transactions the way I do it. If the buyers dog bites the neighbor kid or the UPS guy, can the injured person sue the seller who provided the owner financing? Nope. If the buyer does something stupid, can he sue the seller who owner financed him the home? Nope. Yet if you substitute tenant and landlord instead of buyer and seller in the above questions. The answer becomes yes to everyone. In every one of those scenarios the landlord can be sued, has been sued and has lost.

So I decided I wanted to issue a challenge to all those Due on Sale Clause Nay Sayers out there. Find me lawsuits pertaining to violation of the due on sale clause. Youll find lots of articles from others saying, oh my gosh dont violate the due on sale clause. But find me some that actually have. I cant find any and Im on my third day of searching.

Id bet if youre someone who says to a seller (who cant sell) rent it out, you say that because renting has been around since the dawn of time.  And the risks associated with renting are well known and people take that risk anyway.

I bet no one points out that a 10 year study finalized in 1998 showed that Landlords/Property Managers/Apartment Complexes were the MOST sued business in the United States. Granted only 50% of the landlords lost. But how much did it costs those landlords in time and legally fees to win the battle?

The Due on Sale Clause has been around since 1933. Can you please find me lawsuits where sellers have lost millions due to its enforcement. I cant find them can you???

You and your spouse hold steady jobs and you have both had those jobs for over two years. You don’t have a house to sell to move into a new house, you have perfect credit and a down payment to boot! So nothing should be holding you back on buying your dream home should it? Real estate broker’s hands are tied in today’s market. They are struggling to get even the “textbook” buyer a home loan.

Today’s unique real estate market situation calls for a unique solution. A solution that protects both the buyer and the seller. The seller gets the full asking price for the property. In exchange, the seller retains the mortgage for a period of time. The buyer assumes the payments (mortgage, taxes and insurance) when moving into the property. Further, the buyer assumes maintenance of the property. Both the buyer and the seller become part of a holding company, called the trust. This becomes a business arrangement, which requires the buyer to perform fully and properly. At the conclusion of a specified time, the buyer then obtains a conventional mortgage on the property they have been living in during the specified time, at the price agreed-upon, when the trust was created.

This provides the buyer a “track record” towards qualifying for a mortgage. The seller knows they are getting their asking price, and is relieved of the burden of the expenses associated with property, now.

There are other advantages to both the buyer and the seller for utilizing this time-limited trust arrangement. The key point for the buyer and seller is they can move NOW, and each party’s interests are protected. While the trust does have finite time duration, it does provide some “breathing room” and certainty to both partners in these difficult times.

To learn more about Owner Financing and the many benefits it has to both buyers and sellers in today’s real estate market, please visit our blog at:

http://www.AustinOwnerFinancedHomes.com

http://www.GreatHomesTexas.com

Taking the leap into postgraduate education can be daunting due to the freedom and flexibility of the courses and modules you can study as well as the significant financial commitment that is needed to fulfill such a course. Undergraduates with a head for numbers may opt to study further for accountancy and finance qualifications. CFA accredited postgraduate programmers are available across London’s exclusive business schools. The CFA is the global association of investment professionals and is the essential qualification for students wishing to carve out a career in the finance sector.

CFA accredited MSc courses examine accounting and finance from the perspective of those who use financial reports to evaluate company and managerial performance, whilst providing an understanding of the principles underlying current thinking in accounting and finance.

Based in India’s financial capital for your studies it is easy to see the attraction, enabling postgraduates to take advantage of excellent networking opportunities within the City of London. Postgraduate accounting and finance courses will also offer the opportunity of preparation for final CFA (Charted Financial Analyst) exams.

The real world nature of these postgraduate financial courses is reflected in their teaching. With interactive lectures, seminars and a large proportion of assessed work coming from team-based assignments, students are fully prepped for the rigours and intensity of such a professional environment.

Although MSc Accounting and Finance courses enable scholars to specialize in areas of specific interest, the qualification still enables postgraduates to diversify across a range of careers in the financial sector, from accounting to auditing.

The beauty of completing a CFA accredited financial MSc is that postgraduates find themselves incredibly sought after, graduating as practical, well-informed and motivated individuals.

“A wrap-around mortgage, more-commonly known as a “wrap”, is a form of owner financing for the purchase of real property. The seller extends to the buyer a junior mortgage which wraps around and exists in addition to any superior mortgages already secured by the property. Under a wrap, a seller accepts a secured promissory note from the buyer for the amount due on the underlying mortgage plus an amount up to the remaining purchase money balance.

The new purchaser makes monthly payments to the seller, who is then responsible for making the payments to the underlying mortgagee(s). Should the new purchaser default on those payments, the seller then has the right of foreclosure to recapture the subject property.
Because wraps are a form of owner financing, they have the effect of lowering the barriers to ownership of real property; they also can expedite the process of purchasing a home. An example:

The seller, who has the original mortgage sells his home with the existing first mortgage in place and a second mortgage which he “carries back” from the buyer. The mortgage he takes from the buyer is for the amount of the first mortgage plus a negotiated amount less than or up to the sales price, minus any down payment and closing costs. The monthly payments are made by the buyer to the seller, who then continues to pay the first mortgage with the proceeds. When the buyer either sells or refinances the property, all mortgages are paid off in full, with the seller entitled to the difference in the payoff of the wrap and any underlying loan payoffs.

Typically, the seller also charges a spread. For example, a seller may have a mortgage at 6% and sell the property at a rate of 7% on a wraparound mortgage. He then would be making a 1% spread on the payments each month (roughly, anyway. The difference in principal amounts and amortization schedules will affect the actual spread made).
As title is actually transferred from seller to buyer, wraparound mortgage transactions will violate the due-on-sale clause of the underlying mortgage, if such a clause is present.”

For more great information on Owner Financing… visit Forte Properties in Austin, TX online at http://www.AustinOwnerFinancedHomes.com

Persons, who are looking after finance departments of companies, may also take up these courses to improve their acumen to the benefit of companies they belong. With the finance MBA programs, people get better careers opportunities to enjoy possibilities of development in business organizations.

Introduction

The study course of finance MBA enables people with the knowledge and skills, required to run financial administration of a company smoothly and attend complex problems whenever they arise during the functioning of the company. The modern day of cutting edge competition among different business houses has made it more necessary to create likely environments to perform correctly with right financial decisions at the right time. Finance MBA online programs prepare students to understand these multifaceted financial characters of business and enable them to take viable decisions for the benefit of the organization. It is therefore, becomes essential for companies to induct people with specialized knowledge obtained through such online programs so that they are able to prove worthy for business houses. Finance MBA online programs set up solid foundation with viable practical experience in students so that they enjoy better career option in the business world with such qualifications.

Importance of Specialization & Career Options

<a rel=”nofollow” onclick=”javascript:_gaq.push(['_trackPageview', '/outgoing/article_exit_link']);” href=”http://bifm.edu.in/bifmmain/Landing_Page/pg_003/”>Finance MBA online programs</a> are something extra than the regular training programs on general management and business administration and are aimed at imparting specialized skills to recognize financial hazards and rewards as well. A student with the said degree is very much able to identify such situation easily and takes immediate remedial measure to turn the tide in the favor of the organization. The entire course covers several aspects of financial matters including general finance and its administration with the impact on global financial environment, analysis and needful steps to restore anomalies for the benefit of the particular organization.

There is a marked difference with regular courses and through online programs; you enjoy the convenience to participate in the course studies in your free time. If you are engaged in a company or studying in a college, you can take the opportunity to enroll in the online program as per your convenience to gain the specialized knowledge on financial matters for your career improvement. The present statistical study tells that there is a steep rise in the demand of financial experts with higher qualifications in financial management all over the world as new companies are stepping in everyday and the present ones are growing day by day.

Entry into Finance MBA online Programs

You have several avenues to join a finance MBA program. If you have enough free time, you directly join the BIFM campus to participate in a full-flagged course. There are also part-time arrangements for this course organized by some institutions. The recent finance MBA online programs have become immensely popular due to its convenience of participation from an assortment of people who are either engaged in jobs or are not able to afford time in a regular basis.