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Finance, Credit, Investments – Economical Categories. Modern Interpretation

 

Scientific works in the theories of finances and credit, according to the specification of the research object, are characterized to be many-sided and many-leveled.

The definition of totality of the economical relations formed in the process of formation, distribution and usage of finances, as money sources is widely spread. For example, in “the general theory of finances” there are two definitions of finances:

1)            “…Finances reflect economical relations, formation of the funds of money sources, in the process of distribution and redistribution of national receipts according to the distribution and usage”. This definition is given relatively to the conditions of Capitalism, when cash-commodity relations gain universal character;

2)            “Finances represent the formation of centralized ad decentralized money sources, economical relations relatively with the distribution and usage, which serve for fulfillment of the state functions and obligations and also provision of the conditions of the widened further production”. This definition is brought without showing the environment of its action. We share partly such explanation of finances and think expedient to make some specification.

First, finances overcome the bounds of distribution and redistribution service of the national income, though it is a basic foundation of finances. Also, formation and usage of the depreciation fund which is the part of financial domain, belongs not to the distribution and redistribution of the national income (of newly formed value during a year), but to the distribution of already developed value.

This latest first appears to be a part of value of main industrial funds, later it is moved to the cost price of a ready product (that is to the value too) and after its realization, and it is set the depression fund. Its source is taken into account before hand as a depression kind in the consistence of the ready products cost price.

Second, main goal of finances is much wider then “fulfillment of the state functions and obligations and provision of conditions for the widened further production”. Finances exist on the state level and also on the manufactures and branches’ level too, and in such conditions, when the most part of the manufactures are not state.

V. M. Rodionova has a different position about this subject: “real formation of the financial resources begins on the stage of distribution, when the value is realized and concrete economical forms of the realized value are separated from the consistence of the profit”. V. M. Rodionova makes an accent of finances, as distributing relations, when D. S. Moliakov underlines industrial foundation of finances. Though both of them give quite substantiate discussion of finances, as a system of formation, distribution and usage of the funds of money sources, that comes out of the following definition of the finances: “financial cash relations, which forms in the process of distribution and redistribution of the partial value of the national wealth and total social product, is related with the subjects of the economy and formation and usage of the state cash incomes and savings in the widened further production, in the material stimulation of the workers for satisfaction of the society social and other requests”.

In the manuals of the political economy we meet with the following definitions of finances:

“Finances of the socialistic state represent economical (cash) relations, with the help of which, in the way of planned distribution of the incomes and savings the funds of money sources of the state and socialistic manufactures are formed for guaranteeing the growth of the production, rising the material and cultural level of the people and for satisfying other general society requests”.

“The system of creation and usage of necessary funds of cash resources for guarantying socialistic widened further production represent exactly the finances of the socialistic society. And the totality of economical relations arisen between state, manufactures and organizations, branches, regions and separate citizen according to the movement of cash funds make financial relations”.

As we’ve seen, definitions of finances made by financiers and political economists do not differ greatly.

In every discussed position there are:

1)      expression of essence and phenomenon in the definition of finances;

2)      the definition of finances, as the system of the creation and usage of funds of cash sources on the level of phenomenon.

3)      Distribution of finances as social product and the value of national income, definition of the distributions planned character, main goals of the economy and economical relations, for servicing of which it is used.

If refuse the preposition “socialistic” in the definition of finances, we may say, that it still keeps actuality. We meet with such traditional definitions of finances, without an adjective “socialistic”, in the modern economical literature. We may give such an elucidation: “finances represent cash resources of production and usage, also cash relations appeared in the process of distributing values of formed economical product and national wealth for formation and further production of the cash incomes and savings of the economical subjects and state, rewarding of the workers and satisfaction of the social requests”.  in this elucidation of finances like D. S. Moliakov and V. M. Rodionov’s definitions, following the traditional inheritance, we meet with the widening of the financial foundation. They concern “distribution and redistribution of the value of created economical product, also the partial distribution of the value of national wealth”. This latest is very actual, relatively to the process of privatization and the transition to privacy and is periodically used in practice in different countries, for example, Great Britain and France.

“Finances – are cash sources, financial resources, their creation and movement, distribution and redistribution, usage, also economical relations, which are conditioned by intercalculations between the economical subjects, movement of cash sources, money circulation and usage”.

“Finances are the system of economical relations, which are connected with firm creation, distribution and usage of financial resources”.We meet with absolutely innovational definitions of finances in Z. Body and R. Merton’s basis manuals. “Finance – it is the science about how the people lead spending `the deficit cash resources and incomes in the definite period of time. The financial decisions are characterized by the expenses and incomes which are 1) separated in time, and 2) as a rule, it is impossible to take them into account beforehand neither by those who get decisions nor any other person”. “Financial theory consists of numbers of the conceptions… which learns systematically the subjects of distribution of the cash resources relatively to the time factor; it also considers quantitative models, with the help of which the estimation, putting into practice and realization of the alternative variants of every financial decisions take place”.

These basic conceptions and quantitative models are used at every level of getting financial decisions, but in the latest definition of finances, we meet with the following doctrine of the financial foundation: main function of the finances is in the satisfaction of the people’s requests; the subjects of economical activities of any kind (firms, also state organs of every level) are directed towards fulfilling this basic function.

For the goals of our monograph, it is important to compare well-known definitions about finances, credit and investment, to decide how and how much it is possible to integrate the finances, investments and credit into the one total part.

Some researcher thing that credit is the consisting part of finances, if it is discussed from the position of essence and category. The other, more numerous group proves, that an economical category of credit exists parallel to the economical category of finances, by which it underlines impossibility of the credit’s existence in the consistence of finances.

N. K. Kuchukova underlined the independence of the category of credit and notes that it is only its “characteristic feature the turned movement of the value, which is not related with transmission of the loan opportunities together with the owners’ rights”.

N. D. Barkovski replies that functioning of money created an economical basis for apportioning finances and credit as an independent category and gave rise to the credit and financial relations. He noticed the Gnoseological roots of science in money and credit, as the science about finances has business with the research of such economical relations, which lean upon cash flow and credit.

Let’s discuss the most spread definitions of credit. in the modern publications credit appeared to be “luckier”, then finances. For example, we meet with the following definition of credit in the finance-economical dictionary: “credit is the loan in the form of cash and commodity with the conditions of returning, usually, by paying percent. Credit represents a form of movement of the loan capital and expresses economical relations between the creditor and borrower”.

This is the traditional definition of credit. In the earlier dictionary of the economy we read: “credit is the system of economical relations, which is formed while the transmission of cash and material means into the temporal usage, as a rule under the conditions of returning and paying percent”.

In the manual of the political economy published under reduction of V. A. Medvedev the following definition is given: “credit, as an economical category, expresses the created relations between the society, labour collective and workers during formation and usage of the loan funds, under the terms of paying present and returning, during transmission of sources for the temporal usage and accumulation”.Credit is discussed in the following way in the earlier education-methodological manuals of political economy: “credit is the system of money relations, which is created in the process of using and mobilization of temporarily free cash means of the state budget, unions, manufactures, organizations and population. Credit has an objective character. It is used for providing widened further production of the state and other needs. Credit differs from finances by the returning character, while financing of manufactures and organizations by the state is fulfilled without this condition”.

We meet with the following definition if “the course of economy”: “credit is an economical category, which represents relations, while the separate industrial organizations or persons transmit money means to each-other for temporal usage under the conditions of returning. Creation of credit is conditioned by a historical process of fulfilling the economical and money relations, the form of which is the money relation”.

Following scientists give slightly different definitions of credit:

“Credit – is a loan in the form of money or commodity, which is given to the borrower by a creditor under the conditions of returning and paying the percentage rate by the borrower”.

Credit is giving the temporally free money sources or commodity as a debt for the defined terms by the price of fixed percentage. Thus, a credit is the loan in the form of money or commodity. In the process of this loan’s movement, a definite relations are formed between a creditor (the loan is given by a juridical of physical person, who gives certain cash as a debt) and the debtor.

Combining every definition named above, we come to an idea, that credit is giving money capital of commodity as a debt, for certain terms and material provision under the price of firm percentage rate. It expresses definite economical relations between the participants of the process of capital formation. Necessity of the credit relations is conditioned, from one side, by gathering solid quantity of temporarily free money sources, and from the second side, existence of requests of them.

Though, at the same time we must distinguish two resembling concepts: loan and credit. Loan is characterized by:

·         Here, the discussion may touch upon transmission of money and also things form one side (loaner) to another (borrower): a)under the owning of the borrower and, at the same time, b) under the conditions of returning same amount or same quantity and quality of the things;

·         The loaning of money may bear no interest;

·         Any person may take part in it.

With the difference with loan, credit, which is somehow a private occasion of the loan, represents:

·         One side (loaner) gives to the second one (borrower) only money, and _ for temporal usage;

·         It may not bear no interest (if the assignment doesn’t foresee something);

·         In it creditor is not any person, but a credit organization (at the first place, banks).

So, a credit is the bank credit. To our mind, it is not correct to use “credit” and “loan” as the synonyms.

Banking crediting is the union of relations between bank (as a creditor) and its borrower. These relations touch upon:

a)      Giving a certain amount of money to the borrower for definite purpose (though, we meet with the so-called free credits, aims and objects of crediting are not appointed in the assignment);

b)      Its opportune returning;

c)      Getting percentage rate from the borrower for using the sources under his/her disposal.

The essential foundation of the credit essence and its important element is existence of trust between the two sides (in Latin “credo”, from which comes the word “credit”, means “trust”).

From the position of circulation of money forms (in the abstraction, historical process of formation economical relations and social budget and banking systems expressed by them) comparing different definitions of finances and credit, the paradox conclusion appears: credit is the private occasion of finances. And truly, from the position of movement of the money forms, finances represent the process of formation and usage of the funds of cash means. Very often such movements are fulfilled without returning, but sometimes, it is possible to give loans from the budget for the investment projects of other needs. Also, when a manufacture or corporations use their cash funds and we mean the finances of industrial subject, such usage may be realized as inside the manufacture or corporation (there is no subject about returning or not returning of the usage), so gratis under conditions of returning. This latest is called commercial form because of transmitting the sources to others, but even in this occasion, it is the element of financial system of the manufacture and corporation.

From the point of cash means movement, main character of credit is the process of formation and usage of the funds of cash means under the conditions of returning and, as a rule, taking the value-percentage. If gating the credit value doesn’t take place (even in the exceptional occasions), according to the movement form, credit becomes a private occasion of finances, as from the net financial funds (consequently from the state budget) the loans which bear no interests may be used. If gating credit value takes place, by the appearance form, credit is discussed to be financial modification.

From the historical point of view, finances (especially in the sort of the state budget) and credit (beginning with usury, later commercial and banking) were developing differently for considering credit to be the part of finances. Though, from the genetic-historical point of view, previous loaners, before giving loan, needed gathering the permanent capital not returning, that is the net financial foundation. The banks analogously needed concentration of the important own capital for influxing the consumers’ means and for getting higher percentage rate under the conditions of returning. Herewith, exactly on the financial basis, in the sort of financial fund (which later partially becomes loan fund) part of the bank capital appears to be the reservation (insurance) part of the fund, which by nature is financial and not loan. So notwithstanding the essential distinctions between finances and credit form the genetic-historical point of view, credit appears to be formed from finances and represent their modification.

From the essential position of expressing economical relations of finances and credit, we meet with cardinal distinctions between these two categories. Which mostly expressed by the distinction of the movement forms notwithstanding they are returnable or not. Finances express relations in the aspects of distribution and redistribution of social product and part of the national wealth. Credit expresses distribution of the appropriate value only in the section of percentage given for loan, while according to the loan itself, a only a temporal distribution of money sources takes place.

Herewith, there is a lot of common between the finances and credit as from the essential point of view, so according to the form of movement. At the same time, there is a significant distinction between finances and credit as in the essence, so in the form too. According to this, there must be a kind of generally economical category, which will consider finances and credit as a total unity, and in the bounds of this category itself, the separation of the specific essence of the finances and credit would take place.

Funding of the cash means is common to the researched economical categories. It takes place in any separate system of finances and credit, which have been touched upon during the analyses of defining finances and credit. Word combination “funding of the cash sources (fund formation)” reflects and defines exactly essence and form of economical category of more general character, those of finances and credit categories. Though in the in economical texts and practice, it is very uncomfortable to use a termini, which consists of three words. Also, “unloading” with an information hardens greatly its influxing into the circulation even in the conditions of its strict substantiation and thoroughness.

In the discussing context we consider:

1)      wide and narrow understanding of economical category of the finances;

2)      discussing finances in narrow understanding under general traditional meaning;

3)      discussing finances, as funding of the cash means, in wide understanding, which concerns finances – in narrow meaning and credit – in complete meaning.

Termini “funding” and its equivalent “fund formation” are used by us as the purposeful structuring of cash means, which is based on two poles – accumulation of money sources (gathering) and its usage for definite purpose in the way of financing and crediting.

We have established a new termini – “finance-investment sphere” (FIS). Analyses about interrelation of finances and credit made by us give us an opportunity of proving, that in the given termini, the word “financial” is used with the meaning of funding cash sources, its purposeful structuring. In this process we consider at the same time financial, credit and investments’ economical categories.

Let’s sum up middle results of discussing new concept – “finance-investment sphere” and discuss its investment consisting parts.

The concept “investments” was brought into the native economical science from the West. In the Soviet economical science they for a long time used in the place “investments” the termini “capital placement”, which expressed the usage of the industrial factors in the sphere of real industrial activities during realization of capital projects. From one glance, this termini in its concept is identical to the “investments”, consequently it is possible to use them as synonyms. Though the termini “investments” and “investing” have the advantage towards the termini “capital placement” from linguistic and philological points of view, because they are expressed with one word. This is not only economical and comfortable in the process of working with the termini “investment” itself, but also it gives an opportunity of termini formation. More concretely: “investment process”, “investment domain”, “finance-investment sphere” – all these termini are much more acceptable.

Changing native economical termini with foreign ones is purposeful, if it really matters (by keeping parallel usage of the native termini for the inheritance). Though we must not change native economical termini into foreign ones all together, when by ordinal traditional language easy to explain private and narrow concrete processes and elements get their own termini. The “movement” of these termini is approved in the narrow professional bounds, but their “spitting out” into the economical science may turn economical language into the tangled slang.

Let’s discuss termini – “investment” and “capital placement’s” usage in the economical literature.

Investments are placement of funds into the main and circulation capital for the purpose of getting profit. “Investments in material assets – are the placements of funds into the mobile and real estate (land, buildings, furniture and so on). Investments in financial assets are the placements of funds into the securities bank accounts and other financial instruments”.

We don’t meet with the termini “investments” in the earlier economical dictionary, but we meet the combined termini “investment policy” – the union of the industrial decisions, which guarantee main directions of the capital investments, the activities of their concentration in the determinant suburbs, on which the reaching of planned rates of development of the society production is depended, balancing and effectiveness, getting more and more production and profit of the national income for every lost Ruble”. For today, in the most actual definitions, the capital investments are bounded only by financial means, when not only financial, but also the investment of natural, material-technical and informational resources takes place. Labour resources take an actual place in the investment process. They themselves fulfill this or that investment process.

A positive side of the discussed definitions is that they connect investment policy and capital placements (investments):

-          economical development according to the key directions to the concentration;

-          providing high rates of economical growth;

-          raising an economical effectiveness, which is expressed:

a)      by growing the throw off of the production and national income for every lost Ruble;

b)      by fulfilling the branch structure of the investments;

c)      by improving their technological structure;

d)     by optimization of their further production structure.

Compared with such definition of the investments (capital placement) the definition of investments in the dictionary attaching the “Economics” seems to be unimproved: “investments  – the expenses of gathering production and industrial means and increasing material reserve”. In this definition current expenses (production expenses) are mixed with the investment (capital) expense. Also, not the investment expenses but (though the investments are followed by the appropriate expenses) exactly advancing. It differs from the expenses by that the means (means) are put by returning the advanced values, also, under the conditions of growth, to which the concept-advanced capital is corresponding. the advancing may be realized in the money, natural-material and informational forms.

Except the termini “investments”, there are two more termini related with the investment. They are shown below.

 “Human capital investment” – any activity provided for rising the workers labour productivity (in the way of growing their qualification and developing their abilities); at the expenses of improving the workers’ education, health and raising the mobility of the working forces”. It is very useful to use the mentioned termini, though it needs one correction: the human capital investments do not concern only workers, but also the servants, representatives of every kind of labour.

“Investment commodity, capital goods – a capital.”

In the official manuals of political economy of the reformation time the capital investments are discussed as “expenses for creating new main funds and widening, reconstruction and renewing the active ones”. In this definition the investments (capital placements) during separation of the forms (types) of further production of the main funds are bounded only by main funds (without increases of the circulation funds and insurance reserves): a) creating new ones; b) widening; c) reconstruction; d) renewing. Also, the concept of the industrial gathering appears, at the expenses of widening of basic, circulation funds and also insurance reserves takes place”.

You’ll meet below the definitions of investments from “the course of economy”: the investments are called “placements of fund into the basic capital (basic means of production), reserves, also other economical objects and processes, which request long-termed influxing of material and cash means. “According to the division of capital into physical and money forms, the investments too must be divided into material and cash investments”.

They apportion investment commodity, to which belong industrial and nonindustrial building objects, vehicles purposed for changing or widened technical park and the furniture, increasing reserves and others.

“They call the total investments of production an investment product, which is directed towards keeping and increasing the basic capital (basic means) and reserve. Total investments consist of two parts. One of them is called the depreciation; it represents important investment resources for compensation of renewal till the level of before industrial usage, wearing out and repairing of the basic means. Second consisting part of the total investments is represented by net investments – capital investments for the purpose of increasing basic means”. Depreciation is not a compensation resource of wearing the basic funds out, but it is the purposeful financial source of such resources.

Human capital investment is “a specific kind of investments, mostly in education and health protection”.

“Real investments are the investments in the economical branches and also, they are kinds of economical activities, which provide influxing the increases of real capital, that is increasing material values of the industrial means”. We can agree with such definition with one specification that material and nonmaterial values too belong to the real capital (wealth), consequently science-researching experimental-construction results, various information, education of he workers and others. Such service as organization of the excitable games, also the service of redistribution social wealth from one private person to another (except charity).

“Financial investments represent placement of funds into the shares, obligations, promissory notes, other securities and instruments. Such investments, of course, do not give increases of the real material capital, but they help getting profit, consequently at the expenses of changing the course of the securities in the time of speculation, or distinguishing the course in different places of sell and purchasing”. We share wholly such definition, hence it follows that financial investments (if it is not followed by real investments as a result) do not increase real material wealth and real nonmaterial wealth. According to this context, the expression below is very important: “we must distinguish financial investments, which represent placement of the funds in the ways of selling and purchasing the securities for the purpose of getting profit and financial investments, which become cash and real, moved to real physical capital.”

In the “economical course” quoted before long and short-termed investments are separated. Recognizing the existence of the bounds between them, the authors ascribe short-termed investments to “one month or more” investments. If we get such conditioned criteria, that we can call the investments which overcome the terms of some months, long-termed ones, which is very doubtful and we don’t agree with it. A long-termed character of the fund placement is a significant feature of the investments (short-term doesn’t combine with the concept of investments). Principally, it would be better to point out quick compensative, middle termed compensative and long-termed compensative investments:

-          less then 6 months – quick compensative;

-          from 6 months up to the year and a half – middle termed compensative;

-          more then the year and a half – long termed compensative.

We stopped at the definition of the investments in the capital work “economical course” for the special purpose, as, in it the author tried to discuss the concept of investments systemically and quite completely, herewith the book is published just now.

We’ll return to the discussion the definition economical category of “investments” in different publications in the following chapter. The definitions given here are quite enough for having a notion of the level of lighting up the given category in the economical literature.

What conclusions may be made according the definition of the mentioned economical category in the published works, except the made notions and specifications?

There is quite deeply, concretely and thoroughly defined the concept of “investments”, different definitions in the economical literature; but mostly in every works about the investments discussed by us until now, there is not opened the essence of investments as an economical category. In every monograph, even if it has a title investment, as an economical category, there is given only the definition, concept of investments. But, as the Academician Vasil Chantladze explains, “a concept is a discussion, which proves something about the distinguishing feature of the researched object. A concept out of much essential characteristic features represents only one, and essential in it is only – definition”.

But the categories are much wider; it is “a key, the most fundamental concept of every science”. Economical categories theoretically represent real, objectively existed productive relations. A category is the defining of occasions of existed characters, connections, relations of the objective world. Generally, any educational process is fulfilled by the categories, which give opportunities for dividing the processes and occasions semantically, for expressing the definitions of a subject and realize their specific peculiarities and economical relations of a material world.

Our goal is exactly to substantiate investments – as an economical category and also, as a financial category in the narrow understanding.

Here we apply for another manual thesis made by the academician Vasil Chantladze: “every financial relation is an economical one and every financial category is and economical one, but not every economical relation and economical category is financial relation and financial category”.

In the process of defining the investments, it is important to take in mind the sides of resources, expenses and incomes, because investment, from one side, is the result of the manufacture’s activity, and, from another one, – a part of income, which, in this case, is not used for usage.

Another occasion: it is advisable to discuss investments in two aspects: as a category of reserve and flow, which will reflect exactly the connection between “placement of funds” and “investments”.

As we’ve mentioned above, not long ago, in the well-known Soviet literature the concepts of “the placement of funds” and “investments” were accepted to be the synonyms and concerned to be investment of sources for further production of the main funds and formation of the turnover funds. We meet with such understanding of the concept of “investment” (here, they separate three types of the investment expenses: investments in the basic capital of investments, investments in the house building and investments in the reserves) in the modern economical publications and it is mostly used on the macro level during a statistical analyze of economical processes. In this concrete occasion investment is the category of reserve.

According to the aspect of flow the investments may be discussed in the process of analyzing industrial activity, when it is necessary to learn the variety of the economical relations related with the investments’ further production and formation, sources, objects and subjects, that is on the micro level.

Main distinguishing criteria of different methods of approach towards the concept of “investment” the aspect of prolonging of measuring this showing. Is it possible or not to measure the investment showing separate from the term factor (the norm of gathering, the volume of capital property, the reserves of production and so on). If it is possible, then it is the category of reserve, and if it is not, then it is measured in the section of time and belongs to the category of flow.

Thus, investment, as an economical category, is quite consuming concept. It concerns the elements defining the regularities of function and regulation of the investment domain, privately:

First, resources and values put into the industrial activity. Here, investments may be realized in the following ways:

1.      mobile and real estates (buildings, constructions, furniture and other material values);

2.      cash sources, purposeful bank accounts, credits, shares and other long-termed securities;

3.      owners rights according to the author’s rights, licenses, Now-How, experience and other intellectual values;

4.      the rights for using land and other natural resources, also other owners rights.

Notwithstanding any forms, investments are results of capital gathering. Leading investments – regularity of gathering defines its volume and dynamics and, generally, whole investment activity.

Second, the incomes ruling volume and dynamics of the resource investment. Herewith, we must underline the circumstance, that the process of getting profit, the regularity of its creation, isn’t a constant of the concept “investment”. The factors of production (also the conditions of exploitation of capital values) and selling (market conjuncture), also the process of capital gathering is the leading and important condition only for the investment formation. Though, we underline again, that the process of getting and distributing the income is a significant component of the investment activity.

The transformation of investments makes the basis for the investment activity, which concern the following circles: resources – investment (expense) – capital property – income. The practice of realization such circles of the investments transformation is exactly the investment activity (investing). The investment activity, except the investments itself, concern motivation and stimulation of the capital gathering, relations of capital gathering and ruling, also, totality of the defined level of profitability on the capital and the goals of capital growth.

According to the mentioned above, in the definitions of the investment as economical category sometimes the needed exactness and clearness is not felt, some categories of the wealth are represented tightly enough. For example, real prosperity is bounded only by material estimation. This leads us to the unvalued investment resources in the era of transformation industrial society into the investment one; also to the recognition of yet uninvolved valuable scientific researches in the production, securities turned into speculation objects, and unreal property in the consistence of one and the same parts; to there equalization. On the basis of the made analyses, we can cite a wide definition of the investments together with the leading categories.

Investment resources – are values, invested into this or that project in this or that kind for the purpose of getting profit beginning with material ones, finished with cash.

Kinds of the prosperity are equal to the kinds of the investment resources and is divided into real and cash, consequently into financial resources.

Real investment resources concern all kinds:

-          natural resources;

-          labour resources;

-          material resources, the usage of which is possible in the economical development (buildings, constructions, vehicles and furniture, transport and communication means and so on;

-          investment resources (in the widest understanding, that is from scientific-research and experimental-construction works, till the education potential of the society and till all kinds of gathering useful information, written about every possible, that is typing and electronic bearer).

Cash, consequently financial resources concern every cash means for usage in this way in definite conditions or directed in the sort of investments.

Cash means (resources) turn into the financial resources in the case of structuring of funds of purposeful destination foreseen for investments of this or that kind.

After defining investment resources we can make wide definition of the investments as economical category.

Investments – are the placements of real, financial and intellectual resources into the projects, the fulfillment of which leads us to getting the increases from real wealth, in the material and informational forms. It is followed by a cash (financial) prosperity or its increases (at the expenses of the distribution of the cash means).

As an economical category, investments express economical relations, which are created in the ways of using and formation of the investment resources between the participants of the investment process for the purpose of improving and widening of the enterprise.

It’s not uncommon to find a plaintiff in a pending lawsuit that is in serious debt. A lawsuit can take a large financial toll on a plaintiff; especially if the pending lawsuit is related to an injury or accident. This type of situation usually leaves the plaintiff unable to work and in the process of seeking compensation from the defendant in the case. Since US civil court cases can take many months if not years to reach a verdict the plaintiff can get into serious financial trouble. However, there is a solution that plaintiffs can use to prevent serious debt and even bankruptcy; a lawsuit pre-settlement loan.

Plaintiffs looking into a pre settlement lawsuit loan will learn quickly it’s a simple concept, and that it can benefit them throughout their pending case. A settlement loan is basically a loan given to a plaintiff based on the merit of their lawsuit. A lawsuit loan provider will review the current case, speak with your attorney and review past related cases prior to giving the plaintiff any pre settlement funds. Usually the plaintiff can expect a reply within 24 to 72 hours after the application has been submitted.

One of the best features of a settlement loan is the fact it’s a non-recourse debt. This is for the simple fact that the plaintiff is only required to repay the loan if they win their lawsuit. Yes, the plaintiff needs to “win” to pay back the lawsuit loan, if they lose their case they are not required to pay back the original loan. So, this key feature allows plaintiffs to know that in case they lose their case they won’t be in even more debt afterwards with a pre settlement loan.

The approval process of lawsuit loans is pretty straight forward; as explained earlier the provider will review the current case, speak with your attorney and review past related cases. They “do not” need to review your credit history, income status or employment; these factors do not play a role in a settlement loan approval process. You can safely apply knowing the only thing that matters in getting approved is the merit and current status of your lawsuit.

If you do win your pending lawsuit you would be required to pay back the original amount loaned, any fees plus interest on the initial loan amount. Interest rates vary between settlement loan providers and usually are based on the amount of money loaned and the merit of that specific lawsuit. If you’d like to learn more about lawsuit loans or even apply online right now then continue below.

Most Americans are aware of the three popular debt solutions: debt consolidation, debt settlement and bankruptcy but these are still not fully understood. Sadly, many Americans have been imprudent in the past and declared bankruptcy without exploring available alternatives to declaring credit card bankruptcy. However, in the last two decades bankruptcy laws have changed and it is now not all that easy to declare bankruptcy to get out of debt.

Credit card debt has actually turned into an epidemic in the U.S. As a direct consequence, people finding it difficult to manage their debt are turning to professional help. It may surprise many but credit counseling services can indeed provide debt solutions for getting out of debt in a short period, shorter than you otherwise would be able to.

Debt consolidation is one of the more popular debt reduction solutions. The salient point of debt consolidations is that your debts as well as repayments are restructured. Multiple debts are combined into one with custom made payments. Companies providing debt consolidation services try to arrive at an understanding with the lender that works for the benefit of both: the lender as well as the debtor. A good credit counseling company may even negotiate a reduction in interest and extended payment periods. The amount of debt one owes remains the same but debt consolidation and the convenience of paying only one lender usually makes it easy for the consumer to pay off majority or all debt within the stipulated period. Those who are adequately motivated are able to resume the lifestyle they are accustomed.

On the other hand, a debt settlement company works towards reduction of your overall debt. A successful debt settlement may amount to as much as 50% reduction in total debt making it easier for the consumer to pay and get rid of debt.

The reality is that lenders are usually interested in finding a solution without having to hand over the debt to a recovery agent. They would rather arrive at a negotiated settlement and keep getting monthly payments even if it amounts to taking a bit of a loss or reduction in profit (reduced interest rate). A debt settlement professional usually has a preexisting relationship with most major lending companies and trained in the art of negotiating.

Now that you know what debt consolidation and debt settlement is all about, it may sound very easy but finding a good debt settlement company may not be that easy. With so many people searching for credit counseling services there is a risk of scams. If you are one of those who are in an unmanageable debt situation, it will do you good to be diligent while searching. Remember that you are already in a precarious financial position and a wrong step here can have disastrous consequences.

Your car or a vehicle is not only a driving pleasure, but is a tool to get a loan as well. And while you can take a loan against your whole car, it is still best option in the form of logbook loans approved that are against the logbook of the car. Logbook loans are quickly deemed suitable. This is because there is no minute assessment of the car involved in the supply of loans and logbook to the approval almost immediately. Also credit problems are rarely an obstacle to the newspaper loans.

Logbooks are essentially loans and loan guarantees were approved against the logbook of the car from the borrower. The logbook is a fundamental and essential car. The logbook contains a car’s vital details as keeper of the vehicle, the vehicle owner, the registration mark today, the chassis number, engine number, model and color details on the vehicle is so important and so document of the car, just the lenders to hold as long as the amount of the loan against approved, it is completely returned. So, all you have to take a loan behalf of your car is to offer its logbook as security to the lender. In the meantime you can go to the driving your car as usual. The amount of loans approved as a logbook depends on the value of the car, less the amount owed on the car. Usually lenders approve £ 500 to £ 50000.

For a car owner, logbook loans are better suited if he has bad credit. Because loans are approved newspaper without any credit check on the borrower and people too poor credit are approved in the journey loans smoothly. However, before applying it to a lender, the logbook of each loan applicant should ensure that they meet certain requirements.

Lender newspaper approves loans only if the newspaper is in the name of the borrower. The vehicle should be free of any debts due. So you have to eliminate all taxes on the vehicle before applying for logbook loans. Note that the vehicle must not be more than 8 years older and then lender will take logbook as security. Also preferred lenders offering loans on the logbook insured vehicle. Proof of the borrower as regular income, which is what most lenders would like to see logbook for loan approval. So make sure you have these conditions in place for the loan.

You can logbook source loans from various lending institutions, but also for the speedy approval of the pros and prefer to apply to a lender online. There are dozens of providers of loans logbook online to compare their terms of conditions for a better deal.

You can buy a home with no credit check and actually own it! On an owner financed home purchase you get the deed at closing similar to if a bank had loaned you the money. Below are some details of the various programs available to people with less than perfect credit.

Rent to own – is just like it implies you do not own the property until you have made the very last payment so if you did a rent to own for 30 years it means it would not be yours until 360 payments (It will not be in your name until the 360th payment is made!!) have been made and guess what if you miss or are late on even one payment in most cases it reverts to renting with no chance of it being yours even if the remaining payments were made on time. You are a RENTER until the last payment is made!!

Lease option – Similar to a rent to own but here you are basically signing an agreement to buy the property at some future date. In the meantime you are paying a hefty deposit which is usually not refundable should you decide not to buy. This is a way for the landlord to get down payment benefits of a purchase on what is actually closer to a rental. If you do not exercise your lease option to buy you could lose both your deposit (lease option fee) as well as any payment credits.

Contract for deed – This is very similar to a rent to own. The difference is that on a contract for deed you have a purchase contract similar to that of a rent to own but here you get a promise for the deed to go in your name once all payments are made and you get very few real ownership benefits if any. Many states do not allow a contract for deed transaction or have heavy restrictions on the transaction but terms on these are usually pathetic. High interest rates and consequently high payments are common. Do your homework and rely on professionals other than just those trying to sell you the home.

Owner Financing is the way to own a home and without all the problems mentioned above. This is when a seller or owner of the home lets you pay them over time instead of requiring you to get a mortgage with a bank. You can buy Owner Financed homes and own the property immediately. This is fast becoming the most efficient, economical way for people with good bad or no credit to purchase a home.

Since Owner Financing doesnt rely on your credit score, the purchase of your new home can be completed very quickly. Sometimes, the process can be completed in as little as a few days. You can also get good interest rates and a low down payment. Always consult a competent attorney to help you navigate through this simple process and before you know it you will own the home of your dreams with Owner Financing and NO credit check!

When it concerns your credit entry, it’s important to be sure that you’re doing everything you are able to from the very beginning in order to make it all work out for you finally. If you begin your adult life without any regard to how your credit will be bore upon by your activities, you’ll for certain be in the need of credit fixing. When it concerns needing poor credit repair, there’s noting more crucial then making sure you’re acquiring the correct advice for everything.

If you find that in the end you’re in need of some professional person help to attend of your bad credit repair needs then you would like to be sure that you browse around. This is to be sure that you finish up with a company that knows precisely what they are performing in order that you do not end up wasting away your time or income. You would like to be sure that the bad credit repair company is one that’s been around for a few a long time instead of a company that’s brand new and likely to make some errors that could cost you.

Whenever you prefer to do all of this yourself and learn how to fix bad credit on your own, then there’s numerous stuff that you’re going to have to address. Whether it is bad credit mortgage repair or bad credit from credit cards, there’s a good deal that you’ve to arrange to be sure that it is all attended of in a suitable manner. A good place to start learning everything you need to know is by reading different articles and magazines out there that are directed towards assisting people find their way out of debt.

Among the biggest things that you can have in life is bad credit. Without any credit or bad credit, there are a lot of crucial things that you’re not going to be capable tof doing, and you’ll actually not be able to have the life that you always dreamed of if you don’t have good credit score.

Whether you prefer to pay for a credit repair service or you are interested in an free bad credit repair service, there perhaps things that can be arranged to wipe off some bad marks on your register. In a few cases, but not all, creditors may offer you a deal and ask that if you bring your account statement current they’ll delete former marks on your credit. Whenever you are interested in seeing if your creditor will do this, merely ask. Free bad credit repair is going to be arduous to discover, as most companies want their revenue in order to pay for their overhead.

The first matter that you should do if you want to repair credit score is check into your own credit. You are able to get your credit score through your bank or other financial organisation, and you are able to also order it yourself online and get it in the mail or through e-mail. This is an significant step because if you would like to repair credit score you’re going to need to have a look at where you beginning from.

Some credit tips for college students

How we handle our credit determines to a large extent how secure we feel in our lives. College students are no exception to this rule. A large part of our financial lives depends on how good our credit ratings are. However, if students follow the credit tips mentioned below, they are less likely to face any serious problems.

1. Follow a budget

Living on a budget is perhaps one of the most important credit tips for college students. . When a month begins, note down all your monthly expenses in the order of what you will need to pay first. Once you have fixed your priorities, pay the items from your income accordingly. Make sure that you do not spend any money on anything outside these categories till you have paid all your expenses first. Budgeting in this way serves another purpose. It increases your understanding of your own financial condition and dissuades you from spending money on unnecessary items. In this way, it reduces the possibility of a credit problem in the future.

2. Begin a credit history

In order to begin your credit history, open your savings and checking accounts. In the next step, try using a student credit card – but only to make those purchases that you’d make anyway and then make full payments on time every month with the funds from your checking account. Daily transactions will gradually play a key role in your credit worthiness.

3. One credit card only

Using only one credit card is also one of the most important credit tips for students. In fact, more than one credit is not required at all if you use it to make only planned purchases and pay it off every month. Although the limits start off quite low, they go up as you buy things and pay your bills on time. It has been observed over the years that a college student using more than one credit card is more likely to face credit troubles.

4. Be responsible

It is also imperative that you act responsibly and pay your credit card bills on time. Remember that any failure to pay your bills on time will damage your credit for several years. So pay earlier if possible, but never late. Try to remain within the limits of your credit card as well.

5. Check credit reports regularly

Remember that unscrupulous elements of this world won’t spare you just because you are a student. So make it a point to check your credit report regularly for any irregularities. You are entitled to check your credit report for free every year.

So these credit tips should be followed by every student if credit problems are to be avoided in the future.